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NEW QUESTION # 93
Which of the following is an example of data anonymization as a means to protect personal data when sharing a database?
- A. Names and addresses are removed but the rest of the data is left untouched.
- B. The data is transformed such that re-identification is impossible.
- C. Key fields are hidden and unmasking is required to access to the data.
- D. The data is encrypted and a key is required to re-identify the data.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Data anonymization is a method of protecting personal data by modifying or removing any information that can be used to identify an individual, either directly or indirectly, in a data set. Data anonymization aims to prevent the re-identification of the data subjects, even by the data controller or processor, or by using additional data sources or techniques. Data anonymization also helps to comply with data protection laws and regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which require data controllers and processors to respect the privacy rights and preferences of the data subjects.
The data is transformed such that re-identification is impossible is an example of data anonymization, as it involves applying irreversible techniques, such as aggregation, generalization, perturbation, or synthesis, to alter the original data in a way that preserves their utility and meaning, but eliminates their identifiability. For example, a database of customer transactions can be anonymized by replacing the names and addresses of the customers with random codes, and by adding noise or rounding to the amounts and dates of the transactions.
The other options are not examples of data anonymization, but of other methods of protecting personal data that do not guarantee the impossibility of re-identification. The data is encrypted and a key is required to re-identify the data is an example of data pseudonymization, which is a method of replacing direct identifiers with pseudonyms, such as codes or tokens, that can be linked back to the original data with a key or algorithm.
Data pseudonymization does not prevent re-identification by authorized parties who have access to the key or algorithm, or by unauthorized parties who can break or bypass the encryption. Key fields are hidden and unmasking is required to access to the data is an example of data masking, which is a method of concealing or obscuring sensitive data elements, such as names or credit card numbers, with characters, symbols or blanks.
Data masking does not prevent re-identification by authorized parties who have permission to unmask the data, or by unauthorized parties who can infer or guess the hidden data from other sources or clues. Names and addresses are removed but the rest of the data is left untouched is an example of data deletion, which is a method of removing direct identifiers from a data set. Data deletion does not prevent re-identification by using indirect identifiers, such as age, gender, occupation or location, that can be combined or matched with other data sources to re-establish the identity of the data subjects.
References:
Big Data Deidentification, Reidentification and Anonymization - ISACA, section 2: "Anonymization is the ability for the data controller to anonymize the data in a way that it is impossible for anyone to establish the identity of the data." Data Anonymization - Overview, Techniques, Advantages, section 1: "Data anonymization is a method of ensuring that the company understands and enforces its duty to secure sensitive, personal, and confidential data in a world of highly complex data protection mandates that can vary depending on where the business and the customers are based."
NEW QUESTION # 94
Which of the following should FIRST be established before a privacy office starts to develop a data protection and privacy awareness campaign?
- A. Contract requirements for independent oversight
- B. Strategic goals of the organization
- C. Detailed documentation of data privacy processes
- D. Business objectives of senior leaders
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 95
An organization must de-identify its data before it is transferred to a third party Which of the following should be done FIRST?
- A. Encrypt the data at rest and in motion
- B. Ensure logging is turned on for the database
- C. Remove the identifiers during the data transfer
- D. Determine the categories of personal data collected
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Before de-identifying data, it is important to determine the categories of personal data collected, such as names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, social security numbers, health information, and so on.
This will help to identify which data elements are considered identifiers or quasi-identifiers, and which de-identification techniques are appropriate for each category. For example, some data elements may need to be removed completely, while others may be masked, generalized, or perturbed.
References:
* Anonymize and De-identify | Research Data Management
* Data De-identification: An Overview of Basic Terms - ed
NEW QUESTION # 96
Which of the following is the BEST approach to minimize privacy risk when collecting personal data?
- A. Collect only the data necessary to meet objectives.
- B. Use a third party to collect, store, and process the data.
- C. Collect data through a secure organizational web server.
- D. Aggregate the data immediately upon collection.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 97
When using anonymization techniques to prevent unauthorized access to personal data, which of the following is the MOST important consideration to ensure the data is adequately protected?
- A. The data must be stored in locations protected by data loss prevention (DLP) technology.
- B. The key must be a combination of alpha and numeric characters.
- C. The key must be kept separate and distinct from the data it protects.
- D. The data must be protected by multi-factor authentication.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 98
Which of the following is the BEST control to secure application programming interfaces (APIs) that may contain personal information?
- A. Encrypting APIs with the organization's private key
- B. Sharing only digitally signed APIs
- C. Restricting access to authorized users
- D. Requiring nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) when sharing APIs
Answer: C
Explanation:
Restricting access to authorized users is the best control to secure application programming interfaces (APIs) that may contain personal information, as it would prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries. Restricting access to authorized users can be achieved by using various methods, such as authentication, authorization, encryption, tokens or certificates. The other options are not effective controls to secure APIs that may contain personal information. Encrypting APIs with the organization's private key is not a feasible or desirable method, as it would make the APIs unreadable by anyone who does not have the corresponding public key, which would defeat the purpose of using APIs for interoperability and integration. Requiring nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) when sharing APIs is not a reliable or enforceable method, as it would depend on the compliance and cooperation of the parties who receive the APIs, and it would not prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries who are not bound by the NDAs. Sharing only digitally signed APIs is not a sufficient method, as it would only ensure the authenticity and integrity of the APIs, but it would not prevent unauthorized access, modification or disclosure of the personal information by third parties or intermediaries who can read or intercept the APIs1, p. 90-91 Reference: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
NEW QUESTION # 99
Which of the following vulnerabilities is MOST effectively mitigated by enforcing multi-factor authentication to obtain access to personal information?
- A. End users using weak passwords
- B. Vulnerabilities existing in authentication pages
- C. End users forgetting their passwords
- D. Organizations using weak encryption to transmit data
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
One of the most common vulnerabilities that can compromise the access to personal information is end users using weak passwords. Weak passwords are passwords that are easy to guess, crack, or steal, such as passwords that are short, simple, common, or reused. Weak passwords can allow unauthorized or malicious parties to gain access to personal information and cause privacy breaches, leaks, or misuse. Multi-factor authentication is an effective way to mitigate this vulnerability, as it requires end users to provide more than one piece of evidence to verify their identity, such as something they know (e.g., password), something they have (e.g., token), or something they are (e.g., biometric). Multi-factor authentication makes it harder for attackers to bypass the authentication process and access personal information. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 107
NEW QUESTION # 100
A multinational corporation is planning a big data initiative to help with critical business decisions. Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure personal data usage is standardized across the entire organization?
- A. De-identify all data.
- B. Encrypt all sensitive data.
- C. Develop a data dictionary.
- D. Perform data discovery.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A data dictionary is a document that defines and describes the data elements, attributes, formats, sources, destinations, purposes and relationships of a data set or system. A data dictionary would be the best way to ensure personal data usage is standardized across the entire organization, as it would provide a common and consistent understanding and reference for how personal data is collected, used, disclosed and transferred within and outside the organization. A data dictionary would also help to ensure compliance with privacy principles, such as accuracy, transparency and accountability. The other options are not as effective as developing a data dictionary in ensuring personal data usage is standardized across the entire organization.
De-identify all data is a technique that removes or modifies direct and indirect identifiers in a data set to prevent or limit the identification of the data subjects, but it does not ensure standardization or consistency of personal data usage across the organization. Encrypt all sensitive data is a technique that transforms plain text data into cipher text using an algorithm and a key, making it unreadable by unauthorized parties, but it does not ensure standardization or consistency of personal data usage across the organization. Perform data discovery is a process of identifying and locating personal data within an organization's systems, databases, applications or files, but it does not ensure standardization or consistency of personal data usage across the organization1, p. 69-70 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
NEW QUESTION # 101
Which of the following is the BEST indication of a highly effective privacy training program?
- A. HR has made privacy training an annual mandate for the organization
- B. Members of the workforce understand their roles in protecting data privacy
- C. Recent audits have no findings or recommendations related to data privacy
- D. No privacy incidents have been reported in the last year
Answer: B
Explanation:
CDPSE emphasizes outcomes of training-measurable role-based understanding and behavior-over mere completion or absence of incidents. HR mandates (B) and clean audits (D) show activity or point-in-time results, not sustained effectiveness. No incidents (A) is not a reliable indicator of program quality.
Key CDPSE-aligned phrasing (short extract): "Effective awareness is role-based and demonstrated in behavior."
NEW QUESTION # 102
Which of the following is the MOST important action to protect a mobile banking app and its data against manipulation and disclosure?
- A. Conduct penetration testing
- B. Define the mobile app privacy policy.
- C. Implement application hardening measures.
- D. Provide the app only through official app stores
Answer: C
Explanation:
Application hardening measures are the most important action to protect a mobile banking app and its data against manipulation and disclosure because they prevent attackers from reverse engineering, tampering, or injecting malicious code into the app. Application hardening measures include techniques such as code obfuscation, encryption, integrity checks, anti-debugging, and anti-tampering mechanisms. These measures make the app more resilient and secure against various types of cyberattacks.
Reference:
ISACA Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer Study Guide, Domain 3: Privacy Engineering, Task 3.4: Implement privacy engineering techniques to protect data in applications and systems, p. 104-105.
What is Application Hardening? | Glossary | Digital.ai
NEW QUESTION # 103
Which of the following should be done NEXT after a privacy risk has been accepted?
- A. Determine the risk appetite With management.
- B. Adjust the risk rating to help ensure it is remediated
- C. Reconfirm the risk during the next reporting period
- D. Monitor the risk landscape for material changes.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
After a privacy risk has been accepted, the next step is to monitor the risk landscape for material changes. This means that the organization should keep track of any internal or external factors that may affect the likelihood or impact of the risk, such as new threats, vulnerabilities, regulations, technologies, or business processes.
Monitoring the risk landscape can help the organization identify if the risk acceptance decision is still valid, or if it needs to be revisited or revised. Monitoring can also help the organization prepare for potential incidents or consequences that may arise from the accepted risk.
NEW QUESTION # 104
Which of the following is the BEST way for senior management to verify the success of its commitment to privacy by design?
- A. Review the findings of an industry benchmarking assessment
- B. Review the findings of a third-party privacy control assessment
- C. Identify trends in the organization's amount of compromised personal data
- D. Identify trends in the organization's number of privacy incidents.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A third-party privacy control assessment is an independent and objective evaluation of the design and effectiveness of the privacy controls implemented by an organization to protect personal data and comply with privacy laws and regulations. A third-party privacy control assessment can help senior management to verify the success of its commitment to privacy by design, by providing the following benefits:
* It can measure the extent to which the organization has adopted and integrated the principles and practices of privacy by design throughout its products, services, processes and systems.
* It can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organization's privacy governance, policies, procedures, standards and guidelines, and provide recommendations for improvement.
* It can validate the organization's compliance with the applicable privacy requirements and expectations of its customers, stakeholders, regulators and auditors.
* It can enhance the organization's reputation and trustworthiness as a responsible and transparent data controller and processor.
The other options are less effective or irrelevant for verifying the success of the commitment to privacy by design. Reviewing the findings of an industry benchmarking assessment may provide some insights into how the organization compares with its peers or competitors in terms of privacy performance, but it may not reflect the specific privacy goals, risks and challenges of the organization. Identifying trends in the organization's amount of compromised personal data or number of privacy incidents may indicate some aspects of the organization's privacy maturity, but they are reactive and lagging indicators that do not capture the proactive and preventive nature of privacy by design. Moreover, these metrics may not account for other factors that may influence the occurrence or impact of data breaches or privacy violations, such as external threats, human errors or environmental changes.
References:
* Privacy by Design: How Far Have We Come? - ISACA, section 1: "Privacy by design challenges conventional system thinking. It mandates that any system, process or infrastructure that uses personal data consider privacy throughout its development life cycle."
* Privacy Control Assessment - ISACA, section 1: "A Privacy Control Assessment (PCA) is an independent evaluation performed by a qualified assessor to determine whether an entity's controls are suitably designed and operating effectively to meet its objectives related to protecting personal information."
* Privacy by Design: The New Competitive Advantage - ISACA, section 2: "Privacy by design is a proactive approach to embedding privacy into the design specifications of various technologies, business practices and networked infrastructure."
NEW QUESTION # 105
Which of the following is the GREATEST privacy risk associated with the use of application programming interfaces (APIs)?
- A. APIs are costly to assess and monitor.
- B. APIs are complex to build and test
- C. API keys could be stored insecurely.
- D. APIS could create an unstable environment
Answer: C
Explanation:
API keys are codes that are used to identify and authenticate an application or user when accessing an API. API keys could be stored insecurely, such as in plain text, in public repositories, or in unencrypted files. This could expose the API keys to unauthorized access, theft, or misuse by malicious actors, who could then access the API and the data it contains. This could result in data breaches, privacy violations, fraud, or other damages.
Reference:
ISACA Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer Study Guide, Domain 3: Privacy Engineering, Task 3.4: Implement privacy engineering techniques to protect data in applications and systems, p. 106-107.
What Is an API Key? | API Key Definition | Fortinet
NEW QUESTION # 106
An organization wants to ensure that endpoints are protected in line with the privacy policy. Which of the following should be the FIRST consideration?
- A. Implementing network traffic filtering on endpoint devices
- B. Managing remote access and control
- C. Hardening the operating systems of endpoint devices
- D. Detecting malicious access through endpoints
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 107
Which of the following is the BEST control to detect potential internal breaches of personal data?
- A. User behavior analytics tools
- B. Data loss prevention (DLP) systems
- C. Classification of data
- D. Employee background Checks
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
User behavior analytics tools are the best control to detect potential internal breaches of personal data because they monitor and analyze the activities and patterns of users on the network and systems, and alert or block any anomalous or suspicious behavior that may indicate unauthorized access, misuse or exfiltration of personal data. Data loss prevention (DLP) systems, employee background checks and classification of data are useful controls to prevent or mitigate internal breaches of personal data, but they do not necessarily detect them.
References:
CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), Domain 2: Privacy Architecture, Task 2.4: Design and/or implement privacy controls1 CDPSE Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 3: Privacy Architecture, Section: Privacy Controls2
NEW QUESTION # 108
Which of the following is a PRIMARY consideration to protect against privacy violations when utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) driven business decisions?
- A. Defining the intended objectives
- B. Ensuring proper data sets are used to train the models
- C. Verifying the data subjects have consented to the processing
- D. De-identifying the data to be analyzed
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The primary consideration to protect against privacy violations when utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) driven business decisions is ensuring proper data sets are used to train the models. AI is a technology that enables machines or systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, decision making, etc. AI relies on large amounts of data to train its models and algorithms to perform these tasks. However, if the data sets used to train the models are inaccurate, incomplete, biased, or outdated, they can result in privacy violations, such as discrimination, profiling, manipulation, or harm to the data subjects. Therefore, an IT privacy practitioner should ensure that the data sets used to train the models are proper, meaning that they are relevant, representative, reliable, and respectful of the data subjects' rights and interests. References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 141
NEW QUESTION # 109
Which types of controls need to be applied to ensure accuracy at all stages of processing, storage, and deletion throughout the data life cycle?
- A. Integrity controls
- B. Purpose limitation controls
- C. Processing flow controls
- D. Time-based controls
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 110
An organization is developing a wellness smartwatch application and is considering what information should be collected from the application users. Which of the following is the MOST legitimate information to collect for business reasons in this situation?
- A. Race, age, and gender
- B. Education and profession
- C. Sleep schedule and calorie intake
- D. Height, weight, and activities
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 111
Which of the following should be the FIRST consideration when selecting a data sanitization method?
- A. Industry standards
- B. Risk tolerance
- C. Storage type
- D. Implementation cost
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 112
Which of the following is a responsibility of the audit function in helping an organization address privacy compliance requirements?
- A. Managing privacy notices provided to customers
- B. Establishing employee privacy rights and consent
- C. Validating the privacy framework
- D. Approving privacy impact assessments (PIAs)
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 113
A multinational corporation is planning a big data initiative to help with critical business decisions. Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure personal data usage is standardized across the entire organization?
- A. Develop a data dictionary.
- B. De-identify all data.
- C. Encrypt all sensitive data.
- D. Perform data discovery.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 114
What is the BES T way for an organization to maintain the effectiveness of its privacy breach incident response plan?
- A. Require security management to validate data privacy security practices.
- B. Hire a third party to perform a review of data privacy processes.
- C. Involve the privacy office in an organizational review of the incident response plan.
- D. Conduct annual data privacy tabletop exercises
Answer: D
Explanation:
The best way for an organization to maintain the effectiveness of its privacy breach incident response plan is to conduct annual data privacy tabletop exercises. A tabletop exercise is a simulated scenario that tests the organization's ability to respond to a privacy breach incident in a realistic and interactive way. A tabletop exercise can help the organization to evaluate the roles and responsibilities of the incident response team, identify the gaps and weaknesses in the plan, improve the communication and coordination among the stakeholders, and update the plan based on the lessons learned and best practices12. A tabletop exercise can also enhance the awareness and readiness of the organization to handle privacy breach incidents in a timely and effective manner3. Reference:
ISACA CDPSE Review Manual, Chapter 4, Section 4.3.2
ISACA Journal, Volume 4, 2019, "Tabletop Exercises: Three Sample Scenarios" ISACA Journal, Volume 6, 2017, "Privacy Breach Response: Preparing for the Inevitable"
NEW QUESTION # 115
An organization is creating a personal data processing register to document actions taken with personal dat a. Which of the following categories should document controls relating to periods of retention for personal data?
- A. Data acquisition
- B. Data input
- C. Data archiving
- D. Data storage
Answer: C
Explanation:
However, the risks associated with long-term retention have compelled organizations to consider alternatives; one is data archival, the process of preparing data for long-term storage. When organizations are bound by specific laws to retain data for many years, archival provides a viable opportunity to remove data from online transaction systems to other systems or media.
Data archiving is the process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate storage device for long-term retention. Data archiving helps to reduce the cost and complexity of data storage, improve the performance and availability of data systems, and comply with data retention policies and regulations. Data archiving should document controls relating to periods of retention for personal data, such as the criteria for determining the retention period, the procedures for deleting or anonymizing data after the retention period expires, and the mechanisms for ensuring the integrity and security of archived data. Reference: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), page 123
NEW QUESTION # 116
Which of the following assurance approaches is MOST effective in identifying vulnerabilities within an application programming interface (API) transferring personal data?
- A. Source code review
- B. Security audit
- C. Bug bounty program
- D. Tabletop simulation
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A bug bounty program is an assurance approach that involves offering rewards to external security researchers who find and report vulnerabilities in an API or other software. A bug bounty program can be more effective than other assurance approaches in identifying API vulnerabilities because it leverages the skills, creativity, and diversity of a large pool of ethical hackers who can test the API from different perspectives and scenarios.
A bug bounty program can also incentivize continuous testing and reporting of vulnerabilities, which can help improve the security posture of the API over time.
References:
* 10 top API security testing tools, CSO Online
* Bug Bounty Programs: What You Need to Know, ISACA Journal
NEW QUESTION # 117
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